Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were originally isolated from bone marrow (Friedenstein et al., 1968) but have since been detected in many tissues including dental pulp (Gronthos et al., 2002), adipose tissue (Zuk et al., 2002), and umbilical cord blood (Wang et al., 2004). The essential features of this heterogeneous cell population as defined by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) in 2006 are adherence to plastic under culture conditions; expression of the cell surface markers CD44, CD90, CD105, and CD73; absence of the hematopoietic markers CD45, CD34, CD14, CD11b, CD79, CD19, and human leukocyte antigen-DR; and multi-differentiation potential, with the capacity to generate osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and adipocytes (Dominici et al., 2006). According to the recently published ISCT position statement, although the classic set of markers still applies to in vitro-expanded MSCs, surface markers are evolving (Viswanathan et al., 2019).
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